It is a condition in which the gall bladder becomes inflamed due to cystic duct blockage by gallstones.

Overview:

Acute cholecystitis is a painful condition that occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation. This inflammation can cause severe abdominal pain and may lead to complications if left untreated.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of acute cholecystitis may include:

• Severe pain in the upper right abdomen, which may radiate to the right shoulder or back.
• Tenderness and swelling in the abdomen.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Fever and chills.
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) in severe cases.

Epidemiology:

Acute cholecystitis is relatively common, particularly among patients with stones in their gallbladders. It affects all age groups but more common among adults especially women and the aged.

Causes:

The main cause of acute cholecystitis is presence of stones in the gall bladder that block cystic duct hence preventing proper drainage of bile. Other factors that may contribute to developing acute cholecystitis include;

• Infection of the gallbladder.
• Tumors blocking the bile ducts.
• Conditions that affect bile flow, such as biliary dyskinesia or choledocholithiasis.
• Trauma or injury to the abdomen.
• Certain medications.
• Gallbladder ischemia (reduced blood flow to the gallbladder).

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis may involve:

• Medical history and physical examination to assess symptoms and signs of inflammation.
• Blood tests to check for signs of infection or liver dysfunction.
• Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize the gallbladder and detect gallstones, inflammation, or other abnormalities.
• Hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HIDA scan) to evaluate gallbladder function and bile flow.

Treatment:

Treatment of acute cholecystitis may include:

1. Pain management: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioid medications may be prescribed to relieve pain.
2. Antibiotics: In case there is infection, antibiotics will be given for bacterial inflammation.
3. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy): Surgery to remove the gallbladder is the definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis, particularly for recurrent episodes or complications.
4. Percutaneous cholecystostomy: In some cases, a tube may be inserted through the skin into the gallbladder to drain bile and relieve symptoms, particularly in high-risk or unstable patients.

Prevention:

Preventive measures for acute cholecystitis include:

• M Keeping a healthy weight and avoiding rapid weight loss
• Maintaining a balanced diet which is low in fat and cholesterol.
• Keeping the body hydrated
• Abstain from alcohol or consume it moderately
• Seeking prompt medical attention for symptoms of gallbladder problems, such as abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting

Acute cholecystitis is however a painful and potentially serious condition; nevertheless, it can be diagnosed quickly enough for appropriate treatment through removing the gallbladder where necessary resulting in good prognosis for many patients. Seek medical advice promptly if you experience symptoms indicative of acute cholecystitis.