Allergies are group of conditions characterized by hypersensitivity of the immune system to certain substances in the environment, known as allergens. Here is a short overview of symptoms, epidemiology, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention:

Overview:

This happens whenever immune systems react in an exaggerated manner towards harmless substances leading to inflammation and thus various symptoms. The reactions can range from mild to severe and may affect different parts of the body such as; skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system.

Symptoms:

• Skin: Itchy rash (eczema or hives), redness, swelling
• Respiratory: Sneezing, runny or congested nose, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness
• Eyes: Watery, itchy, or red eyes (allergic conjunctivitis)
• Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (in food allergies)
• Anaphylaxis: Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by swelling of the throat, difficulty breathing, drop in blood pressure, and loss of consciousness

Epidemiology:

• The incidence of allergies is high worldwide where people are affected at all ages.
• There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergies in many parts of the world, especially developed countries.
• Allergic diseases like hay fever (allergic rhinitis), asthma, eczema (atopic dermatitis) and food allergy in general affects millions of people globally.

Causes:

• Allergens: Common allergens include pollen grains, dust mites, animal fur or pet dander, fungal spores or mold spores, foods like peanuts and tree nuts shellfish eggs milk wheat soya among other insect’s stings for example bee's drugs such as penicillin aspirin latex gloves among others.
• Genetic predisposition: A family history of allergies increases the risk of developing allergic diseases.
• Environmental factors: Exposure to allergens, pollutants, cigarette smoke, and other environmental triggers may contribute to the development or exacerbation of allergies.

Diagnosis:

• Medical history and physical examination: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, family history of allergies, and exposure to potential allergens.
• Allergy testing: Skin prick tests or blood tests (specific IgE tests) may be performed to identify allergens that trigger allergic reactions.
• Elimination diet: In cases of suspected food allergies, eliminating certain foods from the diet and gradually reintroducing them under medical supervision may help identify triggers.

Treatment:

• Allergen avoidance: The first line of defense in order to manage allergies is to reduce exposure to allergens. Strategies that may be employed involve using air purifiers, keeping windows closed during peak pollen periods, and avoiding triggers such as certain foods or medications.
• Medications:
• Antihistamines: These medicines obstruct histamine, a substance produced when the body has an allergic reaction, thus relieving symptoms like itching, sneezing and running nose.
• Corticosteroids: Oral corticosteroids or nasal corticosteroids can be prescribed to help control inflammation of the lungs or airways through which air passes.
• Bronchodilators: Asthma patients will benefit by taking these drugs since they help relax muscles located in the airways thereby improving breathing.
• Immunotherapy: Allergy shots or sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets are an option for people with severe or persistent allergies who do not respond well to other treatments.

Prevention:

• The most effective way of preventing allergic reactions is discovering and staying away from substances that cause allergy symptoms.
• To minimize dust mite and mold exposure it is necessary to have regular cleaning of living spaces, use allergen-proof bedding covers and keep indoor humidity levels low.
• Using air conditioning systems instead of keeping windows open and closing them during high pollen seasons will result into minimal contact with external allergens.

Allergies are a chronic condition that can significantly impact quality of life, but with appropriate management, most individuals can effectively control their symptoms and lead normal lives. Working closely with a healthcare provider to develop an individualized treatment plan based on the type and severity of allergies is essential for optimal management.