Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer or womb cancer, refers to cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common type of cancer of the female reproductive system.

Types of Uterine Cancer:

1. Endometrial Cancer: This is the most common type of uterine cancer and arises from the cells lining the uterus.
2. Uterine Sarcoma: This is a less common type of uterine cancer that develops from the muscle or other tissues in the uterus.

Risk Factors:

• Hormonal Factors: Estrogen exposure without progesterone, such as in women with irregular menstrual cycles, obesity, hormone therapy without progestins, or estrogen-secreting tumors, is a significant risk factor.
• Age: Uterine cancer is more common in postmenopausal women, although it can occur at any age.
• Obesity: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer, likely due to the higher levels of estrogen produced by fat tissue.
• Family History: A family history of uterine, ovarian, or colon cancer may increase the risk.
• Other Factors: Diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), and certain medications (e.g., tamoxifen) may also increase the risk.

Symptoms:

• Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: The most common symptom of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, heavier or longer menstrual periods, or bleeding after menopause.
• Pelvic Pain: Some women may experience pelvic pain, discomfort, or pressure.
• Abnormal Vaginal Discharge: Vaginal discharge that is bloody or watery may occur in some cases.
• Other Symptoms: Weight loss, fatigue, and changes in bowel or bladder habits may occur in advanced stages.

Diagnosis:

• Pelvic Examination: A pelvic examination may reveal abnormalities such as uterine enlargement or irregularities.
• Imaging Studies: Transvaginal ultrasound, pelvic MRI, or CT scans may be performed to visualize the uterus and assess for tumor size and spread.
• Endometrial Biopsy: A biopsy of the uterine lining may be performed to obtain a tissue sample for microscopic examination and confirmation of cancer. However, a biopsy is not always necessary before treatment is initiated, especially if imaging studies strongly suggest uterine cancer.
• Other Tests: Blood tests, such as CA-125, may be done to evaluate tumor markers or assess for metastasis.

Treatment:

• Surgery: Surgical removal of the uterus (hysterectomy) is the primary treatment for uterine cancer. In some cases, surgical staging may be performed to assess the extent of disease spread.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to target and kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be recommended for advanced or recurrent uterine cancer to destroy cancer cells and prevent their spread.
• Hormonal Therapy: Hormonal therapy, such as progesterone therapy, may be used in some cases, especially for women with hormone receptor-positive tumors.

Prognosis:

• The prognosis for uterine cancer depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer, the grade of the tumor, the woman's age and overall health, and the response to treatment.
• Early-stage uterine cancer generally has a good prognosis, with high survival rates.

Follow-Up Care:

Regular follow-up visits with a gynecologic oncologist are essential to monitor for recurrence, manage side effects of treatment, and provide support and counseling.

Uterine cancer is a treatable condition, especially when diagnosed early. Prompt recognition of symptoms, appropriate diagnostic tests, and timely treatment are crucial for optimal outcomes.