Zenker's diverticulum
Zenker's Diverticulum
Zenker's diverticulum, also known as pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, is a pouch or sac that forms at the junction of the upper esophagus and the lower part of the throat (pharynx). This condition occurs when the muscles in this area weaken, allowing the lining of the throat to push through and form a pouch.
Symptoms:
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Regurgitation of undigested food
- Coughing
- Choking
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Occasionally, aspiration pneumonia due to food or fluid entering the airway
Causes:
Zenker's diverticulum is typically caused by a combination of factors, including muscle weakness in the throat (pharynx) and increased pressure during swallowing. Factors that may contribute to the development of Zenker's diverticulum include aging, anatomical abnormalities, neurological conditions affecting swallowing, and chronic conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum often involves a combination of imaging studies such as barium swallow studies, which allow visualization of the diverticulum as the patient swallows a contrast material, and flexible endoscopy, which enables direct visualization of the diverticulum and surrounding structures.
Treatment:
Treatment options for Zenker's diverticulum depend on the size of the diverticulum and the severity of symptoms. Small diverticula that are not causing significant symptoms may not require treatment. However, larger diverticula or those causing symptoms may be managed with various interventions, including endoscopic techniques to cut or seal off the diverticulum (endoscopic diverticulotomy or endoscopic staple diverticulostomy) or surgical removal of the diverticulum (diverticulectomy).
Complications:
If left untreated, Zenker's diverticulum can lead to complications such as worsening dysphagia, aspiration pneumonia, weight loss, and malnutrition. In some cases, the diverticulum may become inflamed or infected, leading to a condition known as diverticulitis.
Overall, the management of Zenker's diverticulum aims to alleviate symptoms and improve swallowing function. Treatment decisions are often made based on the individual patient's symptoms, the size and location of the diverticulum, and other medical considerations.