Hormones and Related Drugs
A. Anterior Pitiuitary Hormones:
- From acidophil cells: Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin
- From basophil cells: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Drugs Altering Anterior Pitiuitary Hormone Secretion:
- Inhibit GH release: Somatostatin, Octreotide, Lanreotide
- Inhibit prolactin release: Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Apomorphine
- Enhance prolactin release:Chlorpromazine (other neuroleptics), Metoclopramide, Reserpine
- Inhibit gonadotropin (Gn) release:
- Superactive GnRH agonists:
Initially enhance Gn release)
Nafarelin, Triptorelin, Goserelin, Leuprolide - GnRH antagonists: Ganirelix, Cetrorelix
- Superactive GnRH agonists:
C. Thyroid hormones and Inhibitors:
- Thyroid hormones: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3, Liothyronine)
- Thyroid Inhibitors:
- Inhibit Hormone Synthesis (antithyroid drugs): Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Carbimazole
- Inhibit iodide trapping (Ionic Inhibitors): Thiocyanates (-SCN), Perchlorates (-ClO4), Nitrates (-NO3)
- Inhibit hormone release: Iodine, Iodides of Na & K, Organic iodide
- Destroy thyroid tissue: Radioactive iodine (I131)
D. Insulins:
- Rapid acting:
(Insulin analogues)
Insulin lispro, Insulin aspart, Insulin glulisine - Short acting: Regular (soluble) insulin
- Intermediate acting: Insulin zinc suspension (Lente insulin), Neutral protamine hagedorm (NPH) or Isophane insulin
- Long acting:
(Insulin analogues)
Insulin glargine, Insulin detemir
E. Oral Antidiabetic Drugs:
- Enhance Insulin secretion:
- KATP channel blockers:
- Sulfonylureas: Tolbutamide, Glibenclamide, Glipizide, Gliclazide, Glimepiride
- Meglitinide/Phenylalanine analogues: Repaglinide, Nateglinide
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors:Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Alogliptin, Linagliptin
- KATP channel blockers:
- Overcome insulin resistance:
- Biguanide (AMPk activator): Metformin
- Thiazolidinedione (PPARγ activator): Pioglitazone
- Miscellaneous drugs:
- α-Glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose, Miglitol, Voglibose
- Amylin analogue: Pramlintide
- Dopaine D2 agonist Bromocriptine
- Sodium-glucose cotransport-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: Dapagliflozin
F. Corticosteroids:
- Glucocorticoids:
- Short acting: Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
- Intermediate acting: Prednisolone, Methyl prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Deflazacort
- Long acting: Dexamethasone, Betamethasone
- Mineralocorticoids: Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), Fludrocortisone, Aldosterone
G. Topical Steroids:
- Potent: Beclomethasone dipropionate (0.025%), Betamethasone benzoate (0.025%), Betamethasone valerate (0.12%), Halcinonide (0.1%), Clobetasol propionate (0.05%), Fluocinolone acetonide (0.025%), Fluocortolone (0.5%), Triamcinolone acetonide (0.1%), Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.1%)
- Moderately potent: Fluocinolone acetonide (0.01%), Fluocortolone (0.025%), Clobetasol butyrate (0.05%), Mometasone (0.1%), Fluticasone propionate (0.05%), Hydrocortisone acetate (2.5%)
- Mild: Hydrocortisone acetate (0.1-1.0%), Hydrocortisone butyrate (0.001%)
H. Androgens and Related Drugs:
- Androgens:
- Natural:Testosterone, Dihydrotestosterone, Androsterone
- Synthetic: Methyl testosterone, Fluoxymesterone, Mesterolone
- Anabolic steroids: Methandienone, Nandrolone phenylpropionate, Nandrolone decanoate, Oxymetholone, Stanozolol
- Antiandrogens: Cyproterone acetate, Flutamide, Bicalutamide
- 5α-reductase inhibitors: Finasteride, Dutasteride
I. Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction:
- Androgens: Testosterone
- Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil
- Intracavernous vasodilators: Papaverine-phentolamine, Alprostadil (PGE1)
J. Estrogens and Related Drugs:
- Estrogens:
- Natural: Estradiol, Estrone, Estriol
- Synthetic:
- Steroidal: Ethinylestradiol, Mestranol, Tibolone
- Nonsteroidal: Diethylstilbestrol, Hexestrol, Dienestrol
- Antiestrogen: Clomiphene citrate
- Selective estrogen receptor down regulator: Fulvestrant
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators: Tamoxifen citrate, Toremifene, Raloxifene
- Aromatase inhibitors: Letrozole, Anastrozole, Exemestane
K. Progestins:
- Progesterone derivatives: Medroxy progesterone acetate, Megestrol acetate, Dydrogesterone, Hydroxy progesterone caproate, Nomegestrol acetate
- 19-Nortestosterone derivatives:
- Estranes: Norethindrone (Norethisterone), Lynestrenol (Ethinylestrenol), Allylestrenol
- Gonanes: Levonorgestrel, Desogestrel, Norgestimate, Gestodene
L. Hormonal Contraceptives:
- Oral:
- Combined pills:
- Norgestrel (0.5 mg) + Ethinylestradiol (50 μg)
- Levonorgestrel (0.1 - 0.25 mg) + Ethinylestradiol (20 - 50 μg)
- Desogestrel (0.15 mg) + Ethinylestradiol (20 - 30 μg)
- Phased pills:
- Levonorgestrel (50 g - 75 ug - 125 μg) + Ethinylestradiol (30 g - 40 ug - 30 μg)
- Norethindrone (0.5 mg - 0.75 mg -1.0 mg) + Ethinylestradiol (35 μg)
- Combined pills:
- Postcoital pills:
- Levonorgestrel (1. .5 mg)
- Levonorgestrel (0.5 mg) + Ethinylestradiol (100 μg) × 2 doses
- Progestin only pills (mini pills):
- Norethindrone (0.35 mg)
- Norgestrel (75 μg)
- Injectable: Depot medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA), Norethindrone enanthate
M. Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocics):
- Posterior pituitary hormone: Oxytocin, Desamino-oxytocin
- Ergot alkaloids: Ergometrine (Ergonovine), Methylergometrine
- Prostaglandins (PGs): PGE2 (Dinoprostone), PGF2α (Dinoprost), 15-methyl PGF2α (Carboprost)
- Miscellaneous drugs: Ethacridine, Quinine
N. Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics):
- adrenergic adonists: Ritodrine, Salbutamol, terbutaline, Isosuprine
- Calcium channel blockers (CCBs): Nifedipine
- Oxytocin antagonist: Atosiban
- Miscellaneous drugs: Magnesium sulfate, Progesterone, Nitrates, Halothane