Antimicrobial drugs

• Antimicrobial drugs are medicines that kill or stop the growth of microorganisms, and are used to treat and prevent infectious diseases.

Classification:

1. Antibiotics:
   • Polyenes: Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin
   • Heterocyclic benzofuran: Griseofulvin
   • Echinocandins Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin
2. Antimetabolite: Flucytosine
3. Azoles:
   • Imidazoles:
     • Topical: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Oxiconazole
     • Systemic: Ketoconazole
   • Triazoles:
   Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole
4. Allylamine: Terbinafine
5. Topical agents: Tonaflate, Undecylenic acid, Benzoic acid, Ciclopirox olamine, Butenafine, Quiniodochlor, Sod. thiosulfate

1. Anti-herpes virus drugs: Idoxuridine, Trifluridine, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet, Fomivirsen
2. Anti-influenza virus drugs: Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir, Zanamivir
3. Anti-hepatitis virus / Nonselective antiviral drugs:
   • For hepatitis B: Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivox, Tenoflovir
   • For hepatitis C: Ribavirin, Interferon a

1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): Zidovudine, Didanosine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTs): Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine
3. Protease inhibitors (Pls): Ritonavir. Atazanavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir, Lopinavir
4. Entry inhibitor: Enfuvirtide
5. CCR-5 receptor inhibitor: Maraviroc
6. Integrase inhibitor: Raltegravir

1. 4-Aminoquinolines: Chloroquine, Amodiaquine, Piperaquine
2. Biguanide: Proguanil (Chloroguanide)
3. Sulfonamide/Sulfone: Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethopyrazine, Dapsone
4. Amino-alcohols: Halofantrine, Lumefantrine
5. Quinoline-methanol: Mefloquine
6. Diaminopyrimidine: Pyrimethamine
7. Cinchona alkaloid: Quinine, Quinidine
8. 8-Aminoquinolines: Primaquine, Tafenoquine
9. Naphthoquiinone: Atovaquone
10. Napththyridine: Pyronaridine
11. Sesquiterpine-lactones: Artesunate, Artemether, Arteether, Arterolane
12. Antibiotics: Doxycycline, Clindamycin

1. Tissue amoebicides:
   • For intestinal + extraintestinal amoebiasis:
     • Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Secnidazole, Ornidazole, Satranidazole
     • Alkaloid: Emetine, Dehydroemetine
   • For extraintestinal amoebiasis only: Chloroquine
2. Lumnal amoebicides:
   • Amides: Diloxanide furoate, Nitazoxanide
   • 8-Hydroxyquinolines: Quiniodochlor (lodochlorohydroxyquin), Diodohydroxyquin (lodoquinol)
   • Antibiotics: Tetracycline, Paromomycin

1. For Roundworm, Hookworm, Pinworm: Albendazole, Mebendazole, Pyrantel pamoate, Piperazine, Levamisole
2. For Whipworm, Trichinella spiralis: Albendazole, Mebendazole
3. For Tapeworms: Praziquantel, Niclosamide, Albendazole
4. For Hydatid disease: Albendazole, Mebendazole
5. For Threadworm: Ivermectin, Albendazole
6. For Filariasis: Diethylcarbamazine, Ivermectin, Albendazole